Differences in Thermal Preference and Tolerance among Three Phrynocephalus Lizards （Agamidae） with Different Body Sizes and Habitat Use

We acclimated adults of two viviparous(Phrynocephalus guinanensis and P.vlangalii) and one oviparous(P.versicolor) species of toad-headed lizards(Agamidae) to 28 °C,33 °C and 38 °C to examine whether thermal preference(preferred body temperature,Tp) and thermal tolerance(critical thermal minimum,CTMin;critical thermal maximum,CTMax) were affected by acclimation temperature,and correlate with body size and habitat use.Both Tp and CTMax were highest in P.versicolor and lowest in P.vlangalii,with P.guinanensis in between.The two viviparous species did not differ in CTMin and thermal tolerance range,and they both were more resistant to low temperatures and had a wider range of thermal tolerance than the oviparous species.Both CTMin and CTMax shifted upward as acclimation temperature increased in all the three species.Tp was higher in the lizards acclimated to 33 °C than in those to 28 °C or 38 °C.The range of thermal tolerance was wider in the lizards acclimated to 28 °C than in those to 33 °C or 38 °C.The data showed that:1) thermal preference and tolerance were affected by acclimation temperature,and differed among the three species of Phrynocephalus lizards with different body sizes and habitat uses;2) both Tp and CTMax were higher in the species exchanging heat more rapidly with the environment,and CTMin was higher in the species using warmer habitats during the active season;and 3) thermal preference and tolerance might correlat with body size and habitat use in Phrynocephalus lizards.     

草原沙蜥秋季食性分析

利用剖胃法对采自内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯库布齐沙漠的草原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus frontalis)进行食性分析研究。结果表明,该地区的草原沙蜥在8～9月间,以昆虫类动物为主要食物,占全部食物的95.8%。不同性别草原沙蜥取食的食物种类差异不显著,雌雄个体的食物百分率相似性指数及营养生态位重叠值均较大,雄性的食物多样性指数(IFD)及营养生态位宽度(BTN)均大于雌性。成体和亚成体之间以及亚成体和幼体之间食物种类存在差异但不显著,而成体和幼体间的食物种类差异极显著,不同年龄草原沙蜥的食物百分率相似性指数较小,IFD值与BTN值均是成体最大,幼体最小。总有益系数、不同性别的有益系数分别为V总=22.44%,V雌=12.76%,V雄=9.83%,草原沙蜥是对荒漠化草原有益的类群。     

Changes in intestinal microbiota across an altitudinal gradient in the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii

High altitude is an important driving force in animal evolution. However, the effect of altitude on gut microbial communities in reptiles has not been examined in detail. Here, we investigated the intestinal microbiota of three populations of the lizard Phrynocephalus vlangalii living at different altitudes using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the most abundant phyla. Bacteroides, Odoribacter, and Parabacteroides were the most abundant genera. Significant differences in the intestinal microbiota composition were found among the three populations from different altitudes. The proportions of Verrucomicrobia and Akkermansia decreased, whereas Bacteroides increased significantly with altitude. Greater abundance of Bacteroides at higher altitude led to the fractional increase in the phylum Bacteroides relative to other phyla. Hypoxia may be the main factor that caused intestinal microbiota variation in P. vlangalii along the altitude gradient. Overall, our study suggested that the community composition and structure of intestinal microbiota of the lizard P. vlangalii varied along altitudes, and such differences likely play a certain role in highland adaptation. Our findings warrant a further study that would determine whether ambient and body temperatures play a key role in the modulation of intestinal microbiota in reptiles.     

三种沙蜥核型的比较研究

本文报道了白条沙蜥Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ ａｌｂｏｌｉｎｅａｔｕｓ,东疆沙蜥Ｐ．ｇｒｕｍｇｒｉｚｉｍａｌｏｉ及西藏沙蜥Ｐ．ｔｈｅｏｂａｌｄｉ的核型,西藏沙蜥２ｎ＝２２Ｉ＋２６ｍ,ＮＦ＝４８,其余二者２ｎ＝２２Ｉ＋２４ｍ,ＮＦ＝４６。与同属已知其它的核型进行了比较。沙蜥属中至少存在２ｂ＝４６和２ｎ＝４８两种核型类群,二者可能与“沙蜥属物种形成的两个起源中心”的假说相关。讨论了沙蜥属中的核型演化     

西藏几种沙蜥的分类、演化、分布及其与古地史的关系

西藏地区有沙蜥属３种：西藏沙蜥（Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓｔｈｅｏｂａｌｄｉ）红尾沙蜥（Ｐ．ｅｒｙｔｈｒｕｒｕｓ）和泽当沙蜥（Ｐ．ｚｅｔａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ）,根据形态特征和地理分布特点西藏沙蜥又为为西藏沙蜥指名亚种（Ｐ．ｔｈｅｏｂａｌｄｉｔｈｅｏｂａｌｄｉ）和１新亚种－西藏沙蜥东方亚种（Ｐ．ｔｈｅｏｂａｌｄｉｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓｎｏｖ．ｓｓｐ）二者的主要鉴别特征是：（１）前者后肢贴体前伸达到或超过     

西藏沙蜥属一新种—泽当沙蜥

根据形态特征,泽当居群与西藏沙蜥、红尾沙蜥有显著区别,为沙蜥属一新种：泽当沙蜥Ｐｈｒｙｎｏｃｅｐｈａｌｕｓ ｚｅｔａｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．Ｗａｎｇ,Ｚｅｎｇ ｅｔ Ｗｕ鉴别特征为鼻鳞１枚;鼻间鳞４－５枚;背鳞数少于腹鳞数;雄性尾末端黑色,雌性灰白色。     

若尔盖青海沙蜥——洞穴密度与深度的生态内涵

2002年9月,采用样方法和挖掘法分别对分布在若尔盖草原荒漠(东经102°29′04.1″,北纬33°43′25.0″,海拔3 464 m)上的青海沙蜥(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)的洞穴密度及深度进行了研究.结果表明①青海沙蜥的洞穴密度随植被盖度的升高而下降(r=-0.81,P<0.01),这说明青海沙蜥的生境选择是偏向于植被盖度较低的荒漠,因此可以把该物种作为草地荒漠化的一种指示生物.②青海沙蜥居住洞穴深度大于74 cm,在冻土层之下.青海沙蜥选择深度达到最大冻土之下的洞穴居住是它抵御低温的一种行为机制,而深度小于74 cm的洞穴则可能是用于逃避敌害的临时隐蔽所.     

若尔盖湿地青海沙蜥红原亚种线粒体ND4-tRNAleu基因的序列变异和遗传多样性

研究了青海沙蜥红原亚种(Phrynocephalus vlangalii hongyuanensis)分布于四川若尔盖辖曼(XM)、红原(HY)和甘肃玛曲(MQ)这3个地理单元7个居群的ND4-tRNAleu基因的序列变异和遗传多样性。72个序列比对得到785bp的片断,含变异位点7个,定义了9种单倍型。结果显示7个居群总的核苷酸多样性较低(0.00231±0.00016),单倍型多样性较高(0.806±0.024);就单个居群而言,MQa、MQb、XMb的遗传多样性低,XMc相对较高。各居群间的Kimura双参数遗传距离小(0.001—0.005),最大遗传距离出现在MQa和XMa之间,XM单元各居群之间遗传距离最小。但分子变异分析(AMOVA)显示3个单元间出现了显著差异(P<0.01),遗传变异主要存在于地理单元间,占62.61%。除MQ单元形成一支,单倍型网络图没有显示出单倍型和地理位置的对应关系,XM各居群以及HY混杂在一起。XM单元单倍型的不配对分布(Mismatch distribution)为明显左移的单峰,同时Fu’sFstest得到负值(Fs=-2.21937),这都暗示XM单元可能经历了近期种群扩张,这是其单倍型多样性较高和核苷酸多样性较低的原因。MQ单元遗传多样性低而与其他单元显著分化,推测与黄河在若尔盖玛曲之间贯通有关。近期沼泽的形成对XMb的隔离时间短,使得其遗传多样性低但还不足以形成大的遗传差异。     

青海高原两种沙蜥mtDNA的渐渗杂交

青海沙蜥和贵德沙蜥在共和沙珠玉地区重叠分布,形态和遗传显著不同。线粒体基因序列分析说明在重叠区两种蜥蜴mtDNA基因相互渗透。重叠区19个青海沙蜥个体中有1个具有贵德沙蜥线粒体基因型,但形态与青海沙蜥相似。6个贵德沙蜥个体中有1个具有青海沙蜥线粒体基因型,形态与贵德沙蜥相似。两种沙蜥在该地区的基因流动可能发生在共和古湖的退缩消失后次级相遇形成的。分子钟推测杂交发生的时间大约在19至16万年前,与古湖的消失时间(15万年前)相符。